Notice from the pattern that this appears to be a directional antenna. These types are commonly patch, patch array, dish, or Yagi. The only two directional options here are patch and dish. A dish pattern would be even more directional in nature.

In this configuration, the desire is to peer between the loopback addresses as evidenced by the neighbor update-source commands. The neighbor statements should reference these loopback IP addresses, not the physical interface IPs. Here is an example of the correct configuration on R1: neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 65000
neighbor 5.5.5.5 ebgp-multihop 2
neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source lo0

The minimum recommended wireless signal strength for voice applications is -67 dBm and the minimum SNR is 25 dB.

Beginning with LINEPROTO – we have the facility, the severity, the mnemonic, and the description.
REFERENCE: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/access/wireless/software/guide/SysMsgLogging.html

Type 1 hypervisors do not need to be installed within an OS. They can install on top of the “bare metal“. Type 2 hypervisors must be installed in an OS.
REFERENCE: https://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/hosted-hypervisor-Type-2-hypervisor#:~:text=A%20Type%202%20hypervisor%2C%20also,Type%201%20and%20Type%202.

The vBond orchestrator is the central component for authentication of the SD-WAN components. Remember, to ensure security, the connections between the SD-WAN devices are protected with DTLS.
REFERENCE: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/CVD/SDWAN/cisco-sdwan-design-guide.html

The serve keyword enables the device to receive time requests and NTP control queries from the servers specified in the access list but not to synchronize itself to the specified servers.
REFERENCE: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/datacenter/sw/5_x/nx-os/system_management/configuration/guide/sm_nx_os_cg/sm_3ntp.html#93976

When you are typing commands in at the IOS CLI, you can have debug output interrupt your typing. The logging synchronous commands under the console line permits the integration of those messages with your command work. This command is considered a must have for most administrators.
REFERENCE: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst3560/software/release/12-2_52_se/configuration/guide/3560scg/swlog.html

“Cisco RF Fingerprinting refers to a new and innovative approach that significantly improves the accuracy and precision available with traditional signal strength lateration techniques. Cisco RF Fingerprinting offers the simplicity of an RSSI-based lateration approach with customized calibration capabilities and improved indoor performance.“
Reference: https://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Mobility/emob30dg/Locatn.html

Note that the broadcast and non-broadcast network types for OSPF are compatible. This is because they each use a DR/BDR in their operation.
REFERENCE: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/7039-1.html

The Gateway Load Balancing Protocol features a simple configuration that can take advantage of load balancing using a variety of approaches and optimizations.
REFERENCE: https://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_2t/12_2t15/feature/guide/ft_glbp.html

In the context of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), OSGi (Open Service Gateway initiative) is a Java-based framework that enables dynamic modularity, service management, and interoperability in SDN applications. OSGi allows SDN controllers and applications to be modularized into small, manageable components called bundles, which can be dynamically installed, updated, or removed without interrupting the overall system operation. This flexibility fosters rapid development and deployment of SDN services, as well as the ability to customize and scale the network functionality as per requirements. OSGi‘s service-oriented architecture facilitates seamless communication and interaction between various SDN components and fosters an open ecosystem where multiple vendors‘ solutions can coexist and interoperate efficiently, making it a powerful and versatile framework for building extensible and adaptive SDN solutions.

Security Group Tags (SGTs) are used in the context of Cisco‘s Software-Defined Access (SD-Access) solution to enable microsegmentation in network overlays. Microsegmentation is a security concept that involves dividing a network into smaller, isolated segments to enhance security and limit lateral movement for potential threats. Cisco‘s SD-Access employs SGTs to achieve microsegmentation in overlay networks.

In Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), the learning state is a transitional state that follows the listening state and precedes the forwarding state. During the learning state, the switch populates its MAC address table with source MAC addresses from incoming frames on the designated port. However, the switch does not yet forward data frames to the destination ports; instead, it uses this state to gather information about the network‘s topology and ensure that the MAC address table is up-to-date. The learning state‘s purpose is to avoid potential data loss due to incomplete MAC address information, which ensures a stable and loop-free topology before transitioning to the forwarding state, where frames are actively forwarded to their appropriate destinations.

Cisco WLCs typically support four QoS levels: Platinum/Voice—Ensures a high quality of service for voice over wireless. Gold/Video—Supports high-quality video applications. Silver/Best Effort—Supports normal bandwidth for clients. This is the default setting. Bronze/Background—Provides the lowest bandwidth for guest services.

The core layer is all about speed. The distribution layer is where you typically have routing. The core layer is often intentionally left clear of security and QoS configurations which can add overhead and potentially reduce speed.

In an IPv4 packet, the Type of Service (ToS) byte, also known as the Differentiated Services (DSCP) field, is used to specify the quality of service (QoS) and traffic prioritization for the packet. The ToS byte consists of 8 bits, and each bit has a specific meaning. These bits are used to define the packet‘s priority, handling, and treatment within the network. The first 6 bits define the priority and the last 2 bits are for Explicit Congestion Notification.

The Virtual Network Identifier (VNID) is a fundamental component used in Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) technology. It serves as a key element in encapsulating and identifying virtual network traffic within a VXLAN overlay network. The VNID is a 24-bit field, allowing up to 16 million unique identifiers, ensuring scalability in large-scale virtualized environments. When a VXLAN packet is transmitted, the VNID is utilized to map the inner virtual LAN (VLAN) and enables the destination VTEP (VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint) to correctly deliver the traffic to the appropriate virtual machines across the VXLAN fabric. This efficient segmentation mechanism provides the flexibility and isolation necessary to support modern data centers and cloud-based infrastructures.

It is not typical for us to define host to controller traffic flows, or controller to server.
Reference: https://www.optcore.net/do-you-know-the-data-center-network-architecture/

The PING (Packet InterNet Groper) utility relies on the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) in the TCP/IP stack. ICMP is used for diagnostic and control purposes in IP networks. PING is a network utility used to test the reachability of a host (usually a computer or a network device) on an IP network and to measure the round-trip time for packets to travel to the destination and back. When you use the PING command, your computer sends ICMP Echo Request packets to the target host, and the target host responds with ICMP Echo Reply packets. These packets are used to check if the destination is reachable and to calculate the round-trip time (latency) between the source and destination. PING does not rely on a specific port number, as ICMP operates at the network layer (Layer 3) of the TCP/IP stack and does not use port numbers like transport layer protocols (e.g., TCP and UDP) do. ICMP packets are encapsulated within IP packets and do not have dedicated port fields in their headers.

Salt State files utilize YAML (YAML Ain‘t Markup Language) as a human-readable data serialization format for defining configurations and states in a concise and structured manner. YAML‘s simplicity and flexibility make it an ideal choice for representing Salt states, allowing users to express complex configurations using minimal syntax. In a Salt State file, YAML enables the definition of states, modules, and grains, providing a clear and organized way to express system configurations and desired states. YAML‘s indentation-based structure ensures logical grouping of states and avoids the need for complex delimiters, resulting in more readable and maintainable Salt configuration files. The use of YAML in Salt State files simplifies the automation and management of infrastructure, making it a powerful tool for orchestrating large-scale deployments and maintaining consistent configurations across various systems and devices.

WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm for encryption. Specifically, it uses AES in the Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP) mode. AES is a widely adopted symmetric encryption algorithm known for its strong security and efficiency. CCMP is an encryption protocol designed for use with AES, providing data confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication for wireless communications. Together, AES-CCMP provides robust security for Wi-Fi networks, making WPA2 one of the most secure encryption standards for wireless communication.

The minimum recommended wireless signal strength for voice applications is -67 dBm and the minimum SNR is 25 dB.

When working with Ansible, SSH (Secure Shell) is a fundamental requirement for establishing secure communication and remote management between the Ansible control node and the managed nodes. Ansible uses SSH as its default transport mechanism to connect to and execute tasks on target hosts. SSH allows Ansible to securely authenticate, encrypt data, and execute commands remotely, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of communication during the entire playbook execution. Additionally, Ansible relies on SSH keys or passwords for authentication, enabling seamless and automated access to managed nodes without the need for installing agents or other components on the target hosts. By leveraging SSH, Ansible provides a robust and secure framework for managing and automating configurations, deployments, and system tasks across a diverse range of network devices and servers.

EAP-FAST supports the TLS extension as defined in RFC 4507. It support the fast re-establishment of the secure tunnel without having to maintain per-session state on the server. EAP-FAST-based mechanisms are defined to provision the credentials for the TLS extension. These credentials are called Protected Access Credentials (PACs).

The 5 characteristics of cloud as defined by NIST are – rapid elasticity, measured service, on-demand self-service, resource pooling, and broad network access.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) version 1 is considered a classful routing protocol. To understand this, let‘s break down the concept of classful routing and its implications: Classful Routing Protocol: In the early days of IP routing, IP addresses were divided into three classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. Each class had a fixed number of network bits and host bits. Classful routing protocols were designed to work with these address classes and did not support variable-length subnet masking (VLSM). Fixed Subnet Masks: In RIP version 1, all devices within the same major network (e.g., Class A, Class B, or Class C) were assumed to have the same subnet mask. This means that all subnets within the same major network had to have the same size, even if they required different subnet sizes. No Support for VLSM: Because RIP version 1 did not support VLSM, it could not take advantage of the efficient use of IP address space that VLSM allows. In VLSM, different subnets can have different subnet mask lengths, allowing for more efficient utilization of IP addresses. Automatic Summarization: RIP version 1 also performed automatic summarization at network class boundaries. This means that if a router had multiple subnets within the same classful network, it would advertise a single summarized route for that entire major network to neighboring routers. This further reduced the routing table size but could lead to suboptimal routing in certain scenarios. Classful Behavior: Overall, RIP version 1‘s classful behavior and lack of support for VLSM made it less scalable and flexible than modern routing protocols. As network designs evolved and more efficient address allocation became necessary, classful routing protocols like RIP version 1 became less practical for complex network environments.

In Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) implementations, “CEF punts“ refer to situations where the CEF forwarding process cannot handle a packet, and it needs to be handled by other mechanisms in the router, such as the router‘s CPU (Central Processing Unit). This typically occurs when CEF encounters certain conditions or features that it cannot process using its normal fast-switching or hardware-based forwarding path. When a packet is “punted,“ it is sent to the CPU for further processing, which can impact the overall performance and forwarding efficiency of the router. Punts can occur due to unsupported features, software switching, security features, QoS and traffic policing, platform limitations, debugging and analyzing, and misconfigurations.

OpFlex uses a declarative model in its operation. OpFlex is a southbound protocol used in some Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environments, particularly in Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI). The declarative model is based on the concept of defining the desired state of the network rather than specifying step-by-step instructions for network devices. In the OpFlex model, the SDN controller communicates with the network devices, such as switches and routers, using a declarative approach. Instead of explicitly telling each device how to perform specific actions, the controller conveys the desired network state or policy to the devices. The network devices are then responsible for interpreting the intent and implementing the necessary configurations to achieve the desired state.

In Cisco‘s VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP), the configuration revision number is a mechanism used to track and manage updates to VLAN information within a VTP domain. Each VTP switch in the domain maintains its configuration revision number, which is a numeric value associated with the VLAN database. When a VTP switch makes changes to its VLAN database, it increments its configuration revision number. During VTP advertisement exchanges, switches compare their configuration revision numbers. If a switch receives a VTP advertisement with a higher configuration revision number than its own, it updates its VLAN database with the new information. This ensures that the VLAN database is consistent across all switches within the domain, preventing inconsistencies and reducing the risk of VLAN misconfigurations. The configuration revision number plays a crucial role in VTP‘s ability to propagate and synchronize VLAN information across the network efficiently.

The Configuration Versioning feature allows you to maintain and manage backup copies of the Cisco running configuration on or off the device. The command to configure this setting is archive.

The vBond STUN server plays a crucial role in the initial bootstrapping process of Cisco SD-WAN devices, such as vEdge routers, vSmart controllers, and vManage orchestrators. Its primary function is to provide secure device authentication and facilitate the establishment of secure communication channels between the SD-WAN devices and the SD-WAN controller plane.

OnePK (One Platform Kit) is a set of APIs and SDKs (Software Development Kits) developed by Cisco to provide programmability and automation capabilities for Cisco networking devices. OnePK allows developers to build custom applications that can interact with and control Cisco routers and switches, making it easier to create innovative network solutions. By exposing network functionalities through APIs, OnePK enables developers to access and modify the forwarding and control plane of Cisco devices, extract network statistics, and set up custom routing policies. It supports various programming languages and provides a standardized interface to communicate with Cisco devices, simplifying the development of network-aware applications. OnePK is a powerful tool for organizations seeking to integrate their network infrastructure with their applications, automate network management, and achieve more dynamic and responsive networks.

In HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) version 2, the virtual MAC address for a particular HSRP group is dynamically derived from a well-known MAC address and the HSRP group number. For HSRP group 12, the virtual MAC address is calculated as follows: HSRP version 2 uses the Virtual MAC address range 0000.0c9f.fxxx, where xxx represents the HSRP group number in hexadecimal format. The HSRP group number is 12, which translates to 0x0C in hexadecimal. Replace “xxx“ in the Virtual MAC address range with the hexadecimal representation of 12, which is “0C.“ The resulting virtual MAC address for HSRP group 12 would be 0000.0c9f.f00c. So, the virtual MAC address for HSRP group 12 in Cisco networking using version 2 of HSRP would be 0000.0c9f.f00c.