WebGoat is a deliberately insecure application that allows interested developers to test vulnerabilities commonly found in Java-based applications that uses common and popular open-source components.

Iris scan, fingerprint, and facial recognition are all considered as “something you are”, while PIN is “something you know”.

XOR (eXclusive OR) is a boolean logic operation that is widely used in cryptography. It is used in generating parity bits for error checking and fault tolerance. The output is True (or 1) if and only if the two inputs are different. The output is false (or 0) if the two inputs have the same value.

A business impact analysis (BIA) predicts the consequences of disruption of a business function and process and gathers information needed to develop recovery strategies. Potential loss scenarios should be identified during a risk assessment.

To establish a TCP session, the client starts by sending a SYN packet with a sequence number. To hijack the session, it is required to send a packet with the right sequence number, otherwise, they are dropped.

Ransomware is a form of malware that restricts the user from accessing their infected computer system or files and then asks for a ransom payment to regain user access. The main goal of a ransomware attack is to extort money from its victims.

PKI or Public Key Infrastructure is a security architecture developed to increase the secured transfer of information. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking, and confidential email.

“nmap-sn” means no port scan. This means that Nmap will not do a port scan after the host discovery and only prints out the available hosts that responded to the host discovery probes. This is often known as a “ping scan”.

Iris scan, fingerprint, and facial recognition are all considered as “something you are”, while PIN is “something you know”.

Ettercap is a comprehensive suite for man-in-the-middle attacks. It features sniffing of live connections, content filtering on the fly, and many other interesting tricks. It supports active and passive dissection of many protocols and includes many features for network and host analysis.

A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the application to be tested, while a white-box tester has access to the internal structure of the application. A gray-box tester partially knows the internal structure, which includes access to the documentation of internal data structures as well as the algorithms used.

Wireless intrusion prevention system (WIPS) works at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It has the capability of discovering the presence of misconfigured devices and mitigating them from operating on wireless enterprise networks.

Vulnerability scanning is a method used to check whether a system is exploitable by identifying its vulnerabilities. A vulnerability scanner consists of a scanning engine and a catalog. These tools generally target vulnerabilities that secure host configurations can fix easily, updated security patches, and a clean Web document.

A multipartite virus is a fast-moving virus that uses file infectors or boot infectors to attack the boot sector and executable files simultaneously. Most viruses either affect the boot sector, the system or the program files. The multipartite virus can affect both the boot sector and the program files at the same time, thus causing more damage than any other kind of virus

An Internet covert channel is the digital equivalent of a briefcase with a secret compartment that a spy might use to slip sensitive documents past security guards into or out of a secure facility. An attacker can use Internet covert channels to transmit sensitive documents unobserved, bypassing network security measures.

An Internet covert channel is the digital equivalent of a briefcase with a secret compartment that a spy might use to slip sensitive documents past security guards into or out of a secure facility. An attacker can use Internet covert channels to transmit sensitive documents unobserved, bypassing network security measures.

Gray hat hackers are a mixture of white hat hackers and black hat hackers. They exploit a network’s vulnerability without the owner’s permission with no malicious intent. They usually do this for fun and because they can.

Tcptrace is a tool for the analysis of TCP dump files. It can take as input the files produced by several popular packet-capture programs, including tcpdump/WinDump/Wireshark, snoop, EtherPeek, and Agilent NetMetrix.

The so-called Connection String Parameter Pollution (CSPP) attack exploits poorly secured dynamic connections between Web apps and databases, namely ones that still use semicolons as separators between data such as the data source, user ID, and password associated with a connection to the database, for instance.

C/C++ are high-level programming languages that are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks.

A watering hole attack is a targeted attack designed to compromise users within a specific industry or group of users by infecting websites they typically visit and luring them to a malicious site. The end goal is to infect the users computer and gain access to the organizations network.

Footprinting or reconnaissance is the first step in ethical hacking. The penetration tester will use this to evaluate the security of any IT infrastructure. Footprinting also means gathering all information about the computer system or a network and all the devices that are attached to this.

Tailgaiting is an act where the unauthorized person was able to enter the premises without the authorized person’s knowledge. To avoid Tailgating, employees should be wary of their surroundings.

Cross-site request forgery, also known as CSRF is a type of malicious exploit that allows an attacker to trick users to perform actions that they do not intend to. Some examples are changing the email address and/or password, or making a funds transfer. Depending on the nature of the action, the attacker might be able to gain full control over the user’s account.

Hybrid Attacks are a kind of cyberattack where the perpetrator blends two or more kinds of tools to carry out the assault. A typical hybrid attack is one that merges a dictionary attack and a brute-force attack.

Bluetooth is a standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices.

To open the Group Policy Editor from the command line just type gpedit.msc in your run box or at the command line.

A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the application to be tested, while a white-box tester has access to the internal structure of the application. A gray-box tester partially knows the internal structure, which includes access to the documentation of internal data structures as well as the algorithms used.

There are five main ways to manage risks. These are acceptance, avoidance, transference, mitigation, or exploitation.

Syslog or System Logging Protocol is a standard for message logging. It is a standard for sending and receiving notification messages from various network devices. The messages include time stamps, event messages, severity, host IP addresses, diagnostics, and more. Syslog was designed to monitor network devices and systems to send out notification messages if there are any issues with functioning. It also sends out alerts for pre-notified events and monitors suspicious activity via the change log/event log of participating network devices.

The principle of least privilege (PoLP) refers to an information security concept in which a user is given the minimum levels of access – or permissions – needed to perform his/her job functions.

A Trojan is a type of malware in which it disguises itself as something that it isn’t. Trojans often masquerades as a legitimate application, file, or seemingly harmless program to trick its victims into installing it.

A Trojan is a type of malware in which it disguises itself as something that it isn’t. Trojans often masquerades as a legitimate application, file, or seemingly harmless program to trick its victims into installing it.

DH Group 1: 768-bit group
DH Group 2: 1024-bit group
DH Group 5: 1536-bit group
DH Group 14: 2048-bit group
DH Group 15: 3072-bit group

Syslog or System Logging Protocol is a standard for message logging. It is a standard for sending and receiving notification messages from various network devices. The messages include time stamps, event messages, severity, host IP addresses, diagnostics, and more. Syslog was designed to monitor network devices and systems to send out notification messages if there are any issues with functioning. It also sends out alerts for pre-notified events and monitors suspicious activity via the change log/event log of participating network devices.

Collision resistance ensures that no hash function will produce the same value for two different inputs.

Passive reconnaissance is the process of gaining valuable information without alerting the potential victim. An example of passive reconnaissance is reviewing or checking the targeted company’s website. Some good examples of passive reconnaissance are Shodan, Spyse, theHarvester, and Wireshark.

An Internet covert channel is the digital equivalent of a briefcase with a secret compartment that a spy might use to slip sensitive documents past security guards into or out of a secure facility. An attacker can use Internet covert channels to transmit sensitive documents unobserved – in this case, bypassing network security measures rather than bypassing security guards. 

Cross-site scripting or XSS flaws occur whenever an application allows users to add custom code that includes data from untrusted sources without proper validation. Hackers inject malicious script on a victim’s system by hiding it within legitimate requests. Hackers can also bypass authentication mechanisms, gain privileges, and then inject malicious scripts into specific web pages. These malicious scripts can hijack user sessions, deface web sites, or redirect the user to malicious sites

IPsec is a group of networking protocols used for setting up secure encrypted connections, such as VPNs, across publicly shared networks.

Penetration testing is a methodological approach to security assessment that encompasses the security audit and vulnerability assessment and demonstrates if the vulnerabilities in the system can be successfully exploited by attackers.

MAC flooding is a technique used to compromise the security of network switches that connect network segments or network devices. Attackers use the MAC flooding technique to force a switch to act as a hub so that they can easily sniff the traffic.

Access Control Policy (ACP) outlines the procedures that help in protecting organizational resources and the rules that control access to them. It enables organizations to track their assets.

John the Ripper is often used in the enterprise to detect weak passwords that could put network security at risk, as well as other administrative purposes. The software can run a wide variety of password-cracking techniques against the various user accounts on each operating system and can be scripted to run locally or remotely.

For a network scan, the goal is to document the exposed attack surface along with any easily detected vulnerabilities.

Ransomware is a form of malware that restricts the user from accessing their infected computer system or files and then asks for a ransom payment to regain user access. The main goal of a ransomware attack is to extort money from its victims.

In a brute force attack, cybercriminals try every combination of characters until the password is broken. Even though all passwords will be found, this attack is very time consuming.

Block cipher converts the plain text into cipher text by taking plain text’s block at a time.

The National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) was a unit of the United States federal government charged with protecting computer systems and information systems critical to the United States’ infrastructure.

Secure Hash Algorithm 1 or SHA-1 is a cryptographic hash function that produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value.

Height and weight are NOT ideal choices for biometric controls. Even though these provide some information about the user, they lack distinctiveness and permanence to sufficiently differentiate the user from each other.

DH Group 1: 768-bit group
DH Group 2: 1024-bit group
DH Group 5: 1536-bit group
DH Group 14: 2048-bit group
DH Group 15: 3072-bit group

HTTP method vulnerability can be checked using NMAP. Example: #nmap -script=http-methods.nse 192.168.0.50

Minimizing cross-site scripting flaws includes escaping suspicious HTTP requests, validating or sanitizing user-generated content, and enabling content security policy (CSP) as an added layer of in-depth defense in mitigating XSS.

An Internet covert channel is the digital equivalent of a briefcase with a secret compartment that a spy might use to slip sensitive documents past security guards into or out of a secure facility. An attacker can use Internet covert channels to transmit sensitive documents unobserved, bypassing network security measures.

The iris, or the colored part of the eye, consists of thick, thread-like muscles. By measuring the unique folds of these muscles, biometric authentication tools can confirm identity with incredible accuracy. Iris scan is also used for liveness detection such as requiring the user to blink for the scan.

The destination host and IP host must be configured.

Forward the email to your IT/Security team so they can further investigate the email. Permanently delete the email to avoid possible damages.

The most common way to describe risk is through the Risk equation. This equation is fundamental to all information security. Risk = Threat x Vulnerability x Control

Stream ciphers are a type of encryption algorithm that processes an individual bit, byte, or character of plaintext at a time. Stream ciphers are often faster than block ciphers in hardware and require less complex circuitry.

RADIUS is an AAA protocol that manages network access. RADIUS uses two packet types to manage the full AAA process: Access-Request, which manages authentication and authorization; and Accounting-Request, which manage accounting.

A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the application to be tested, while a white-box tester has access to the internal structure of the application. A gray-box tester partially knows the internal structure, which includes access to the documentation of internal data structures as well as the algorithms used.

Logic tier coordinates the application, processes command, makes logical decisions and evaluations, and performs calculations. It also moves and processes data between the two surrounding layers.

Physical Security Policy is implemented to ensure the safety of the organizational computer systems and physical resources on company premises.